Macbeth was doomed by fate or by a flaw in his character Essay

In the play â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare, it is extremely questionable whether Macbeth was destined by destiny or by a defect in his character. It could be contended that Macbeth was bound both by destiny and by a defect in his character. On one hand, the job of the witches impact could be viewed as a significant outside power that abused Macbeth’s character blemishes. Nonetheless, then again, Macbeth’s eager nature and ravenousness for power was the defect in his character that at last prompted his destruction. The degree to which Macbeths defeat is controlled by destiny or a defect in his character will be examined. It could be contended that it was destiny that lead Macbeth to his fate. The job of his opportunity meeting with the witches was instrumental in affecting Macbeth’s dynamic. On a creepy night, Macbeth was told three predictions by the witches, â€Å"_All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be best hereafter.†_ Macbeth didn't scrutinize the precision of the predictions, which he accepted were predetermined in light of the fact that in Elizabethan occasions, it was accepted that witches could see into the future, execute their adversaries and make themselves imperceptible. Everybody accepted that the witches could see the future, and this drove Macbeth to murdering Duncan once he had tuned in to the prediction that he would become King of Scotland. Macbeth thought, _†If chance will make them ruler, why, chance may crown me without my stir.†_ A translation of this statement as indicated by Macbeth could be, if destiny needed him to be top dog, maybe destiny would simply get it going and he wouldn’t need to do anything. Thusly, Macbeth was lead to destiny through the predictions of the witches, however by attempting to ace destiny, his eager nature and insatiability for power was the defect in his character that eventually prompted his destruction. Macbeth isn't bound by destiny, however by an imperfection in his character. This blemish can be seen as the manner in which he let his desire dominate and cloud his profound quality. At his first taste of intensity, his aspiration dominates and he is needing for additional. Since Duncan is as of now King, the main path for Macbeth to satisfy hisâ desire is to execute him. Macbeth concedes that he needs to slaughter Duncan and at last his own aspiration drives him to choose to execute the King. _†I have no spike to prick the sides of my aim, however just vaulting desire, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other.†_ This is demonstrating that Macbeth was set up to execute any individual who was in danger to subvert his seat on Scotland’s seat. Macbeth obscured his decision making ability and yielded his ethics to accomplish his objective, to become ruler. Macbeth put his own longing before the benefit of his nation and at long last it is wrecked by his a spiration. Subsequently, Macbeth’s aspiration and avarice for power was not brought about by destiny, however by a defect in his character that he is dependable because of his degenerate activities. Macbeth’s aspiration went to all lengths to get sort of Scotland, that in spite of the impacts, Macbeth was as yet answerable for his own activities. The witches disclosed to Macbeth his three predictions; they don't constrained anything, just introduced realities that affected Macbeth to act. Macbeth deciphered the words and activities to make the predictions work out. The witches gave Macbeth a phony suspicion that all is well and good and it is his terrible defects that brought him upon his ruin. After Macbeth was told the predictions, he said to himself _†My thought, whose murder yet is nevertheless fantastical, Shakes so my single condition of man that function.Is smother’d in induce, and nothing is. Be that as it may, what is not.†_ The witches’ forecast stirs inside Macbeth a deadly desire that was there from the beginning. Woman Macbeth is the main impetus that urges Macbeth to beat his feeling of blame and make a move on the predictions. Woman Macbeth controlled Macbeth into murder by saying _†When you durst do it, at that point you were a man†_ An understanding of this statement as per Lady Macbeth could be, he was all the more a man when he set out to submit the homicide, and perceives that his aspiration to submit the homicide and guarantee the seat are appealing and masculine to her. Woman Macbeth was a gigantic impact to Macbeths defilements, for example she says, † A little water frees us from this deed.† Meaning she is actually disavowing with murder. Despite the fact that Lady Macbeth was an immense impact, Macbeth was the person who held the blade. As a result of Macbeth’s activities, it was his aspiration and voracity for power that eventually prompted his ruin. Indeed, even with regards to outer powers, for example, controls of Lady Macbeth and predictions of the witches, Macbeth chose his own destiny through his activities. His ethical quality was feeble and he was egotistical. Therefore, Macbeth desire and eagerness for power was the defect in his character that at last prompted his destruction.

Natural Selection and Darwin essays

Common Selection and Darwin expositions In Darwins time most researchers accepted that every life form and every adjustment was crafted by the maker., yet speculations started to create by various students of history expressing that transformative changes were an impact to changes in nature. There were numerous purposes behind this, for example, geographical investigations were delighting that the earth was a lot more established than expressed in scriptural creation. Another explanation was the likenesses between various creatures. At the point when Darwin went to the Galapagos Islands he saw slight varieties that made tortoises from various islands unmistakable. He likewise saw from island to island the tremendous number of finches had slight contrasts. Darwin likewise saw that they all appeared to take after the primary finch on the territory of Equador. This perception had incredible impact of Darwins thinking and he started to plan his Theory. Darwins hypothesis of Evolution comprises of four primary parts. The first was that living beings have changed after some time and the ones living today are diverse structure those of the past additionally numerous creatures have gotten wiped out over the long haul. The subsequent part was that all living beings are determined by normal predecessors by the stretching procedure. Populaces split into various species however they all have one normal predecessor. This piece of the hypothesis gave a clarification regarding why comparative species would in general be in the equivalent geological region. The third part expressed that change is progressive and moderate, occurring over an extensive stretch of time. This clarifies the way that no researcher has watched an abrupt appearance of another species. The fourth piece of this is the component of transformative change was common choice. Common Selection is a procedure that happens over progressive ages. Darwins had a top to bottom thinking for how it functions. It begins with the explanation that if all the posterity that living beings can create were to endure and imitate they would before long overwhelm the earth. To pre... <!

Techniques for Idea Generation Mind Maps

Techniques for Idea Generation Mind Maps The Mind Mapping technique was created to be an effective way to produce ideas by association. It transforms a huge list of dull or tedious information into a highly organized, colorful and memorable pictorial representation that is in agreement with the brain’s normal manner of doing things. With respect to creative problem solving, mind maps help to show how different pieces of information or different ideas are connected. © Shutterstock.com | Petr VaclavekFrom this article, you’ll learn 1) definition of mind mapping, 2) how did this ideation technique originate? 3) essential features of a mind map, 4) how to build your own mind map, 5) applications of mind maps, 6) advantages of using mind maps, and 7) short note on mind mapping tools.DEFINITION OF MIND MAPPINGA mind map is a graphical representation utilized to visually organize information. The process of mind mapping involves penning a central theme and coming up with new and associated ideas that branch out from the central idea. The central single idea is frequently in the format of an image drawn in the middle of a blank landscape page to which connected representations of ideas such as words, images, facts, figures, concepts or parts of words are added as they are thought up. Mind mapping utilizes the concept of “radiant thinking.” This means thoughts radiate (branch out) in different directions from a single idea. The branches may move forwards and backwards to and from the main (central) idea. This is in contrast to “linear thinking” which is a thought process following a step-by-step flow or known cycles where it is necessary to get the response to one step before moving to the next step.As is the case with other mapping techniques, the objective of mind mapping is to concentrate attention and to acquire and frame knowledge to enable the sharing of concepts and ideas.HOW DID THIS IDEATION TECHNIQUE ORIGINATE?Tony Buzan is the name frequently used in connection with mind mapping. It is true that he popularized the term “mind map.” However, the utilization of diagrams that graphically “map” information using radial maps and branching, dates back centuries. Similar strategies were utilized in the 3rd century by Porphyry of Tyros to conceptualize Aristotle’s ideas.The semantic network was created in the late 1950s as a hypothesis to comprehend human learning that was further revised by M. Ross Quillian and Allan M. Collins at some point in the early 1960s. The radial structure of mind maps is similar to that of concept maps, created in the 1970s by learning specialists. However, the difference is that the former are made easier by concentrating around a central, single key concept.Tony Buzan’s argument is that ‘traditional’ outlines call for the reader to scan information in a left to right, top to bottom manner that is in contrast to the brain’s natural propensity to scan the whole page in a non-linear manner. Buzan additionally utilizes widespread suppositions pertaining to the cerebral hemispheres so as to encourage the exclusive utilization of mind mapping in preference to other kinds of note making.ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A MIND MAPGiven below are five key characteristics of a mind map:There is a single key idea, focus, subject or concept graphically represented in the form of a central image.The key themes associated with the idea, focus, subject or concept radiate fr om the central picture as branches.Each branch carries a key word or image printed or drawn on the associated line.Other branches, shown as twigs are connected to the main branches. The twigs represent concepts of lesser importance.The branches create a linked nodal structure.HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN MIND MAPIf you are using a mind map to get employees in your business to come up with ideas/solutions, you may give them instructions as follows:Prerequisite: Keep blank paper and colored pens ready. If A4 paper seems inadequate, you can consider A3 paper.Step 1: Start with the topic Put the topic, central concept or idea in image form, in the center of an empty page. Space on the page should be used wisely and yet freely so that the brain doesn’t feel unbridled, and there is space to occupy more and more ideas as they come. Beginning in the center provides the brain with freedom to move in all directions and reveal ideas/solutions more naturally and freely. It may be more convenient to position the page in landscape orientation because that makes drawing easier.Step 2: Define the structure Create the fundamental structure with which you would be organizing your ideas. The structure would include branches radiating out from the central idea and drawn as thick lines. These main branches are termed as Basic Organizing Ideas (BOIs).Step 3: Define each branch Put down a key image or word for each branch as your ideas come. Allow the ideas to flow freely and quickly (long pauses are not to be encouraged) without judgment on whether they are practical or crazy. Also no need to bother about aesthetics. Draw freely and unconcernedly.Step 4: Highlight the priorities The concepts of lesser importance can be represented as the twigs and drawn as thinner lines.Step 5: Extend your mind map by additional ideas As information and ideas keep coming, connect them to the mind map in a suitable manner.Step 6: Review and revise After the first attempt, allow your mind to settle. Once it has, you may want to revisit what you did. Review it and revise and/or reorder it. Sometimes, a different sheet of paper may be required for this.How about two mind maps?Another way to mind map and this is for problem-solving, is to create two different mind maps, one each for the problem and solutions. For the problem mind map, the problem would be the main idea represented in the center with causes and aspects of the problem connected by branches. Sub-branches can be used to examine the problem in more detail. For the solution mind map, the solution would be the key idea represented in the center. By way of the main branches, one can provide the routes that would help to solve the problem. One can incorporate organizations, colleagues, resources or techniques that would be of assistance and associated with those routes. Sub-branches can be added as one venture into the details.Drawing two mind maps makes one realize that a single obstacle could have multiple potential solutions . It is up to the person drawing the mind map and others concerned to find that solution(s) which is most practical, cost-effective and/or time-saving. A final branch may be developed with the selected solution or blend of solutions, with the sub-branches connecting to and from the details of intended method(s) of implementation.A properly done mind map is very easy to review as it is possible to frequently refresh information mentally just by a cursory glance. The mind map would depict the “shape” of the topic, the comparative significance of individual branches/twigs, and the manner in which facts are connected to one another. Remembering the structure and shape of the mind map can provide cues that would help to recollect the information within the map.Suggestions/Tips/TechniquesUse colors for the whole project. Colors give the mind map extra vitality and arouse the brain’s creative and visual faculties.Stick to single words or brief meaningful phrases for key words. Too ma ny words would only cause cluttering.Similar information, if any, can be clustered together.Capital letters are to be preferred to small caps.It would be a good idea to make the branches curved instead of straight. Only straight lines in the map may come across as boring to the brain.Use as many images as possible. Besides being easy to remember, a picture is worth a thousand words.Use arrows to show connections between ideas.If the person wishes and if required, he can annotate the mind map. An example would be providing references to other sources, making them identifiable by writing them down in a different color of pen.One should feel free to adopt a personal style as this would boost the creative fire.Information in one section of the mind map may have some connection to another section. If this is the case, the person can draw lines to depict the cross-linkages. This would assist with comprehending how one aspect of the subject impacts another. It is also acceptable to use oth er visuals such as callouts or speech bubbles to depict the link to the key/central idea or theme.The person should stay calm throughout the mind mapping process. This suggestion may not be suitable for an office environment but is good for mind mapping at home. To do so, the person should distance himself from the topic to work on, by taking brief breaks and then coming back to it clearheaded and fresh. A short walk could help. By providing the brain with rest, one will find that it becomes more forthcoming with ideas.APPLICATIONS OF MIND MAPSAs is the case with other diagramming tools, this idea generation technique may be utilized to generalize, structure, visualize and classify ideas. It also helps with triggering creativity and creative solutions, organizing information, making decisions and solving problems. Mind mapping is also used for brainstorming. Here, ideas are introduced into the map in a radial manner surrounding the central node, bereft of the implicit prioritization associated with sequential or hierarchy arrangements, and in which grouping and organizing is kept for later stages.Data collected from mind maps may be utilized to enhance various other applications, examples being search engines and specialist search systems. To achieve this, the mind map may be examined with traditional techniques of information recovery to classify the author of the mind map or documents that are connected from inside the mind map.Other applications include:Making notes, whether for presentations or essays, from lectures or from secondary sources such as books;Studying and remembering information (it has been propounded that mind mapping can enhance study/learning effectiveness by 15 percent more than traditional note-taking;Displaying information in a layout that depicts the structure of a subject taken as a whole;Simplifying a complicated idea;As a mnemonic;To team up in sessions of color pen creativity.ADVANTAGES OF USING MIND MAPSMind maps help the user uti lize the complete power of the brain, both the left which is more associated with logical and analytical thinking, and the right which is utilized for day dreaming, spatial awareness, color, imagination and a feeling of wholeness. This idea generation technique has several advantages including that it:Spurs one on to view the bigger picture;Requires less time to develop;Consumes less space than notes that are chronologically arranged;Allows large topics or projects to be broken down into manageable chunks and this broken-down form, therefore, facilitates effective planning and minimizes chances of forgetting key points and being overwhelmed;Increases concentration;Helps trigger more associations and ideas by applying radial thinking;Provides pleasure to the eyes (once completed, the mind map appears like a mini work of art to those who behold it).SHORT NOTE ON MIND MAPPING TOOLSThough in many cases, it is suitable to draw mind maps using the hand, software applications and tools can broaden the scope of mind-mapping by permitting those engaged in the process to map more than ideas and thoughts using information on the internet and computers, such as documents, spreadsheets, images and internet sites. A few of these tools are discussed below:iMindMap: This concept mapping software utilizes Tony Buzan’s trademark mind mapping techniques to develop maps for project management, brainstorming, creative thinking, organizing, and planning and delivery of presentations. ThinkBuzan developed the desktop application. The tool runs on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. iMindMap has focus applications, examples of which are Expand and Collapse Branches and Focus In and Out which can assist with moving around the problem and making the mind concentrate.Coggle: This is a freeware web application for mind mapping. Some of its prominent features are real-time collaboration, markdown text formatting, iOS support, sharing with individuals, organizations or through a private link , and LaTeX math support utilizing  MathJax. Auto-save and revision features mean it is possible to view how the mind map looked prior to someone who was invited beginning to work with it. The software enables creation of linear and organic mind maps utilizing a keyboard, mouse, tablet computer or interactive keyboard.XMind: Created by XMind Lt.d, XMind software helps with both mind mapping and brainstorming. Apart from the management elements, the tool can clarify thinking, capture ideas, promote team collaboration and handle complicated information for greater productivity. In addition to mind maps, it supports spread sheets, fishbone diagrams, organization charts and tree diagrams.Mind maps are currently utilized by many millions of people across the globe. It appears that this idea generation technique will increase in popularity and continue to be used for many, many years to come.

The Degenerative Influence of Advertising on Society Essay

Advertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twists the mentalities of those subjected to it. It shapes people’s views of the world and warps their connections to each other. Therefore, advertising not only shapes their personal values but also distorts them until their principles no longer come from within them. Thus, in my opinion, advertising, unless deeply rooted in high ethical standards, destroys any concept of community, common morality or deep bonding. Advertisements thrust products and services at consumers that they deem necessary in order to be loved, beautiful, happy, and fulfilled. Without these†¦show more content†¦Our â€Å"fetish of commodities† (Kavanaugh 33) hides our empty center, distancing us from others and ourselves. While we worship our commodities, the people in our lives become replaceable and disposable. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to form community bonds. According to Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter, authors of Nation of Rebels: Why Counterculture became Consumer Culture, advertising is seen as an â€Å"awareness institution† (Heath and Potter xix), a powerful organization in this country, even more powerful than some political establishments. Its repetition and ubiquity help impress its message upon the public. Hence advertising takes on a type of communication, replacing deep communication once found within communities. Authors Heath and Potter agree with earlier cited Kavanaugh, stating, â€Å"advertising is an omnipresent system of symbols, a persuasive and bold propaganda for consumer culture† (Heath and Potter 5). It deeply affects the way we connect and communicate with each other and lodges a large barrier into our communities. It makes forming communal bonds extremely difficult as many people are too caught up in the messages that advertising sells them instead of the people around them. American’s con stant consumption leaves them â€Å"perpetually unsatisfied, restless, anxious and bored† (Heath and Potter 6), feelings that profoundly affect their personal lives. In turn, they become distanced from theShow MoreRelatedHinduism Was One Of The Religions That I Found To Be Most1456 Words   |  6 PagesSanskrit word Sindhu which is what the Persians called them because of where they were from. Hindu are those who follow the way of dharma, the four classes of varnas and stages of life ashramas.† Hinduism is a major world religion because of its influences throughout time that have shaped other religions that branched off from it. Hinduism is an ancient religion that was founded near 1,500 B.C. 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Essay on The Importance of Technology Education in Schools

The Importance of Technology Education in Schools The education world has been greatly influenced by rapidly changing technology and the increasing availability of information. Schools have advanced by leaps and bounds when it comes to incorporating technology into the learning environment, however, many more advances need to be made. In all areas of the country, educators are trying to help students keep up with technology, but there are more changes that are essential for preparing the next generation for the future. By increasing computer usage by students, installing classroom Internet access and providing instructional classes dedicated to software and hardware education, schools have tried to provide an up-to-date†¦show more content†¦Being proficient in using technology will be a prerequisite for almost any employment for younger students. It is the school’s job to prepare many of these kids for employment, and that is especially true for the lower socioeconomic areas where students with computers at home are rare. Eisenberg and Johnson describe this basic skills education as the â€Å"laundry list† approach to computer education. By ‘list† they mean isolated skills, such as word processing, or searching the Internet. â€Å"Students need to be able to use computers and other technology flexibly, creatively and purposefully. All learners should be able to recognize what they need to accomplish, determine whether a computer will help them to do so, and then be able to use the computer as part of the process of accomplishing their task.†1 Educators must also help students to become technologically flexible. One of the largest problem that I see almost everyday is a computer user’s unwillingness to try new or upgraded software. 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Vikings Art and Culture Free Essays

The Vikings Art and Culture At first thought of the Vikings, the comic strip â€Å"Hagar the Horrible† comes to mind. As this is probably not a good basis for reference, it still can give slight glimpse, if not a distorted one, of the Viking culture. As for Viking art, a more in depth search must be done, for â€Å"Hagar† was unfortunately not actually made by the Vikings. We will write a custom essay sample on Vikings Art and Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Viking culture was a primitive one of agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Families lived on farms together and were a tight knit labor force. During sowing time, the men would all work together from before dawn until after dark to tend to the field, and the women would work on providing the daily necessities, such as food, clothes, and cleaning. The wife would also occasionally help in the fields, and the children would start helping out from a very young age doing their respective duties. There were less than five months of growing season in their northern climate, so the Viking husband of the farm would plant the crops and then look toward the sea. He would head out with his neighbors for a pleasant summer of pillaging in the south. Then, he would return in the fall in time for the harvest. His wife would control all affairs of the household until he returned. If he should not return due to an unfortunate accident, his wife would inherit the land, business, and any other wealth. The eldest son of the family would take over the family farm, and the younger sons would go out to find their own careers as they became of age, possibly Vikings. Family was very important to the Viking people; it was a powerful unit of protection. Much like today, families provided support and assistance, and it was to their family that a person owed their obligation. A close family bond is evident as husbands, wives, and children would erect runes in honor of each other; husbands to their wives, wives to their husbands, and children to their parents. Runes were decorated monuments with inscriptions and verses for their deceased family, much as a tombstone would be now, and were often placed in public places so that they would be seen. They also normally lived as a nucleic family, much like today, with the mother, father, and the children in the household. It was fairly uncommon to have extended family such as grandparents to live with them; most likely, because it was rare to live past the age of forty and most people did not enter the role of grandparent. As much as the Vikings were known as looters and pillagers, they were also formidable merchants. Many of their journeys were commercial and put them in contact with the farthest reaches of the world. Trade became a very important part of their culture. While there are many stereotypes of the Viking people, such as dirty, smelly, illiterate, drunkard savages most are probably misconceptions. While they probably were dirty and smelly after sailing across the sea and maybe did not bathe that often because of the cold weather, one can assume that it was for a purpose rather than just being ignorant. The notion that they were illiterate is wrong; they simply had their own writing system with an alphabet called runic. The letters were mostly made up of vertical and diagonal lines, which made them suitable for carving into wood. As far as the drunkard part, that is most likely the truest stereotype of them all. It is believed that the Vikings were very heavy drinkers. They would drink ale and mead, which is also called honey wine and made from fermented honey. Wine was something that was part of their trade voyages, as grapes did not grow in the cold Scandinavian climate. It is true that the Vikings pillaged many towns and killed many innocent people who came in their path, and while it was terrible, this description is coming from the people who were attacked and showing them in their worst light. In reality, a Viking was only a Viking while at sea, once he returned home there was no more pillaging. It was back to the farm, the family, and normal everyday life. So, were they savages? Yes, to certain people they were, but to others, no. The art of the Vikings was not really art in the sense of the word. There was no art for art sake; it was mostly applied art. Their skills were used to decorate items of daily use. Weapons and ships were intricately decorated, as were drinking vessels, runes, and jewelry. This proved their affinity for showing off their wealth and rank with whatever their possessions were. Most of the art that has survived is made of metal even though most commonly leather, wood, and bone were used. Their art was not naturalistic, but instead abstract. A common theme art was distorted and disfigured animals. Animals were a dominant subject, as they seemed to have an endless devotion to them as a source of inspiration. The gripping beast is one motif that started in the Broa Style; it is a strong, muscular animal that is shown full face with its paws gripping either itself or another nimal. The gripping beast is shown on the Oseberg ship along with two other animal motifs, S-shaped animals with ribbon-like bodies, and semi-naturalistic animals and birds. Being confronted with these images, one could not but be in awe of the energy of the decoration. Many different styles of Viking art have been identified, but no new style can be said to mark the beginning of the Vikin g age in Scandinavia, they grew out of the art styles of earlier centuries, the first being the Broa style, followed by the Borre, then the Jellinge, Mammen, Ringerike, and finally the Urnes. The styles all vary slightly, but still keep with the distorted animal theme. The art of the Viking age influenced many different cultures because of their worldly travels, and they have influenced our culture in a way that we may never comprehend. They have intertwined themselves into the fabric of so many different cultures, that many of us could be part Viking. How to cite Vikings Art and Culture, Papers

Personality Type and Leadership Approach

Question: Describe about the Personality Type and Leadership Approach and Journal of Leadership Education ? Answer: Interpersonal skills are the ability to have deep understanding and knowledge on your feelings and the ability to show self- understanding and awareness. Enhancing of social skills occurs once you understand yourself and the person you interact with (Olaniyi, 2012). Their main concern is maintenance, initiating and building of relationships with other people who are different from you. This difference among other thing may include age, social class, ethnic group or race and gender. Enhanced managerial performance is by maintenance of interpersonal skills with employees. They are able to relate with those in management enhancing communication that increases productivity of the company since it promotes good team working spirit, mutual understanding of each others expectations and respecting other views, thus using your diversity as strength rather than a thing that sets you apart (Adams, 2009). They are measurable and give predictions of positive occupational outcomes. It also relates to competence and performance that lead to success in the end. They consist of four areas. In the first instance, you put yourself in the other persons shoes to understand how that person feels when faced with a situation. This enables you to be able to know how to communicate with him without raising his emotions or eyebrows which in many instances may lead to conflicting views between you. This includes seeing a situation just as the other person would and their expectations (Lievens, 2013). The first person takes up the other persons role putting their views and opinion into consideration. In the second category, a person gets it right when they anticipate the others expectations and are able to interpret them correcting and acting in a way that meets that persons expectations in a satisfactory manner. A skill focuses on the accuracy of understanding another persons perceptions to enable you meet the expectations of eth person. There is a relationship between social experience a nd the cognitive ability. The third category includes incorporation of information on others expectations into their behavior which require the recipient person to first interpret it correctly and align his behavior and actions to that of the other party. Finally, one needs to have self-control to be able to handle his emotion to and maintain focus in the others expectations to avoid simply reacting to another persons viewpoint disproportionately without understanding what that person is trying to say in the first place. Listening skills are the way that we interpret verbal and non-verbal cues from others since after all without proper listening skills you would not be able to hear what the person is saying nor fully comprehend what he means which is the basis for providing an appropriate response to the demands of that person in a way that would be satisfactory to both parties (B.A et al., 2015). They should show attentiveness using non-verbal cues including nodding of the head so show to the other party that you are engaged in the conversation to avoid that party feeling that you are not interested in the discussion which is likely going to upset him or for him to think that you are being disrespectful. Non-verbal communication skil ls include the body language that is in use during communication. The decision making skills involve exploration and analyzing the options when faced with a situation that needs acknowledgement. It is essential for managers to have these skills for ease in management. With negotiation and problem solving skills, managers work in unison with others to find an agreeable outcome (HRM: Launchpad to top management?, 2003). It is also easy for them to analyze, identify and solve problems that come up in their workplaces. As a manager, once you understand yourself better it gets easier to understand other people. Managers think through issues thoroughly to avoid mistakes and self-awareness and interpersonal skills help in this. Those with these skills have intuitive ability. They also leave open options for inclusion in making changes especially when in involves colleagues or subordinates whom these changes may affect. They make consideration of other peoples opinions in decision making at the workplace enhancing satisfaction for all the parties involved but also help boost the quality of decisions which when being implemented all those who participated in making it will feel that they share part of the ownership of it (Sels et al., 2006). Personal Reflection: A reflection on my training skills after the exercise also helped me in mapping the level of my interpersonal skills as well considering that I have always been quite in y corner during lessons. In the workshop, I advocated and introduced the transformation of relations between staff into natural ones that are more inclined to the informal side. Smooth relations make people more willing to express their opinions and thus giving management feedback. Such information helps the leadership in improving the working environment and developing business strategies that augur well with the staff hence the importance of good communication skills for management. The result is a dedicated team willing to achieve better organizational performance in terms of outputs and returns (Conroy, 2009). Nonetheless, I realized that my interpersonal skills need improvement and harnessing if I am to maximize this leadership potential. Leadership theories are useful in influencing practice by suggesting new w ays of perceiving and managing events better. The Trait Theory applies because belief is that the natural leadership qualities are god-given to certain individuals who exhibit those skills involuntarily in all spheres of their daily lives. In the interview practice, I learnt that to be a desirable manager, I must portray desirable traits and character so that the signal or image I portray leaves a lasting positive impression of the firm that I represent because such an image gives the interviewee a picture of what culture the company nurtures (Holmberg and Tyrstrup, 2010). Upon reflection, I realized that just like institutions/firms, individuals also have strengths and weaknesses. For organization, there is always a social perspective, and interactions are inevitable in everyday businesses. Thus, the observation is that an effective leadership takes into account the dynamics of relations so that employer-employee negotiations dont end at interviews, but go on during the work to ensure fluidity and better understanding among colleagues to yield better performance. Leadership and negotiation is not just about commanding, controlling, directing and managing employees as a pure management world. There is the aspect of relationships between colleague and from personal reflections; this only proves that the social nature of people is vital in any setting (De Luca and Nawab, 2011). From the reflection it is clear that leadership approaches prove to be effective model as it focuses upon the attributes of leaders with work methods. Any leadership style refers to the combination of features as well as skills to be used in interacting with people. However, theories attempt in identifying as well as arranging the general approaches to be used by leaders in achieving goals. These approaches are based upon the assumptions of a leader regarding motivating people to attain goals. The theories attempt to identify several methods that leaders may use in impacting upon goal achievement. These are theory-based with leaders abilities in determining the motivation factors for members and approaches that meet objectives. On the delivery of training, the workshop was quite busy as it involved a lot on contemporary development and measurement of sustainable integrated strategies (de Vries, 2008). During the workshop, I delivered training on communication skills because I find it to be an integral item in interview, negotiation and even training itself. After the workshop, one of the trainees thanked me on the basis that such a workshop on communication skills helps identify some blurred areas that he did not previously consider important but now realizes that communication skills are not only important at school/work but its the life-line of valuable relationships (Holsbrink-Engels, 2000). The sessions highlighted on availability of the external environmental aspects which influence upon the development of management skills, the distinction amidst the approaches like coaching as well as mentoring that effectively develops management competencies, thereby understanding systematic approaches of recruitment, selection and retaining of staffs, including several other functionalities of organizational management (Germain, 2012). I had received significant learning related to the need for practicing high-performing cultures within workplace, some effective ways of achieving performance among teams with elimination of barriers within employee engagement, and even emphasized upon key approaches in enhancing individual performance and commitment from organizational employees in the organization. The session imparted experience of practicing essential managerial characteristics to conduct professional practices. The session enabled me to think independently, innovatively and cre atively with engagement into the innovative areas of investigation. As referred to the concept of leadership, different leaders are said to play different leadership responsibilities, depending upon the situational circumstances. A business leader uses key leadership skills of gaining trust, respect and commitment of team members. An effective leader provides enhanced encouragement to his members in achieving desired organizational objectives. Such cases may be reflected in case of situational leadership style that benefits business firms (Holsbrink-Engels, 2000). Different leadership styles have been emerging, each based on specific beliefs, attitudes, values, preferences of members. Mentioning some of the most effective leaders of business environment, Bill Clinton, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler and Mother Teresa are worth mentioning. All these renowned personalities possessed charismatic leadership. It is one the latest styles in leadership whereby the leader uses his charm to inspire his followers. These leaders show increasing concern for people and address to needs of all people (Beenen, Pichler and Rubin, 2014). The charismatic leaders create quite comfortable as well as friendly environment for all followers by paying great attention to their ideas and making them feel empowered in playing a significant role in decision-making. This charismatic leadership style may appear similar to transformational leadership style, where the leader imparts greater doses of encouragement to his members and acts very energetically to drive others in the forward direction. However, these leaders often tend to rely on themselves than in others and their members (Gnambs and Batinic, 2012). This phenomenon may create a risk that a project or even the whole firm may collapse once the leader quits. Here, the team members perceive success in the eyes of their members and also tie success with the presence of their leaders. Thus, charismatic leadership carries greater responsibilities and also requires strengthened commitment from the leaders. Another mentionable leadership style is that of situational leadership. Here, three factors are said to influence the decisions and these are the capability of followers, the situation and the capability of a leader (Sengupta and Sengupta, 2011). A leader is said to accommodate to whatever limitations laid out to him by his members and even the situation. Adaptability to any situation is the buzzword here. These leaders behave dynamically to situations they are faced with. An instance of an individual who possessed this kind of leadership is Dwight Eisenhower (Ghamrawi, 2013). Leaders who follow situational leadership are said to practice approaches that would provide solution to the given situations only. These leaders are more concerned about solving issues at the present situations only and adopt approaches that would support the ongoing situations. This is a more preferred leadership style since the best solutions and resolution can be expected out of this. This kind of leaders u nderstands the situational needs better with more effective solutions (Tsai and Yen, 2013). Another key leadership style is that of transformational leadership. These leaders are said to lead their team members by motivating the members (Groves, 2006). The leaders appeal to all their followers morale as well as ideals to encourage them to accomplish their jobs. Generally, these leaders are said to empower the members by using own beliefs as well as personal strengths. Transformational leaders are best suited to any organization as they inspire their team members in some or the other ways (Carson et al., 2010). Some personalities who have been considered to be transformational leaders are Walt Disney and Martin Luther King Jn. An individual possessing transformational leadership attribute considered an effective leader who promotes employees with shared leadership vision of future. They are increasingly visible with effectively communicating with team members. They hardly leads from the forefront rather delegate key responsibilities to team members. Thus, this transformation al leadership style refers to the dominant leadership style for leading a group of members. While the approach is highly effective in the business, no best way of managing all situations exists (Beenen, Pichler and Rubin, 2014). For selecting the most appropriate leadership approach in an organization, a leader needs to consider all available skills and experience of organizational members, along with the organizational environment to practice preferred natural style. A capable leader is one who switches between suitable leadership styles depending on the kind of jobs to be dealt with. This is basically referred to as situational leadership which is the best leadership practice. For instance, a manager of a factory provides training to machine operatives using bureaucratic style to ensure they know the process to attain appropriate quality standards of product including workplace security (Turcksin, Bernardini and Macharis, 2011). The same manager may adopt participative leadership style. Thus within any leadership style, it is important for leaders to understand the needs of team members with organizational situation to lead the group towards success. The leader needs to promote members for accomplishing ta sks or objectives. Personal Reflection: With reference to the learning sessions related to working as team and leading organizational members, it has been my personal view that the session proved to be highly effective to attain its key objective of persuading us to make us understand keenly regarding the importance of management skills particularly people management skills. This is greatly needed by all managers so as to deal with members effectively and develop potential teams that are supportive as well as coordinated efficiently (Weldon and Chow, 2005). This learning session on leadership was greatly beneficial as provided me with the knowledge of what management is all about. Previously management was considered to be just a field to ensure arrangement of organizational resources towards leading the final productivity and profit. Now that I know that management is much more than that. It is about the most essential organizational workforce as well as emphasis on making people capable of performing effectively with com bined manner for developing strengths. This causes the concept of management to be quite critical. I gained from the session some information to support entire life in building essential managerial skills to help me growing up to a person. Being a peoples manager and developing supportive teams within organization to lead within the competitive environment is what I have gained from the session. The session reflected that a manager is largely responsible for leading his team members. Teams are said to play significant role within organizational deliverance. I found the session to be extremely useful as well as resourceful since the session imparted with useful has learning. It highlighted the differences amidst team members as well as groups with the approaches for effective team development. I have received increased knowledge regarding managing diverse teams within the organization. It also explained me the factors which specifically inhibit the designing, establishment and delivery of management skills (Weldon and Chow, 2005). I have well understood the legal or ethical rationale needed for a systematic approach in adopting employee management approaches. I have learnt that teams comprise of individuals having similar interests as well as complementary skills. Teams need to work collaboratively to achieve goals. It has been emphasized that tasks cannot be accomplished wit hout support from team members. It is even reflective that teams must respond to organizational challenges set by management, where management is said to set the goals. I have gathered increased control on achieving the objectives (Bubas, 2001). The session provided me the knowledge to consider teams to be important performance units possessed by organizations for accomplishing objectives. This is useful for my personal learning since it enables me to act appropriately within organizational context. The knowledge ensures that I develop required attributes of an effective team player before practicing in professional front. It is important to identify team roles so as to enhance self-awareness and personal effectiveness. It would enable fostering mutual trust or understanding among members. It would enable me to improve my strategies of selecting potential teams as well as building concrete teams. The session that focused on leadership theories enabled me to have proper understanding about the most essential requisites of an effective leader. The session enabled me to think independently, innovatively and creatively with engagement into the innovative areas of investigation. This learning session on leadership was greatly beneficial as provided me with the knowledge of what management is all about. Previously management was considered to be just a field to ensure arrangement of organizational resources towards leading the final productivity and profit (Weldon and Chow, 2005). The sessions highlighted on the existence of the external environmental aspects which influence upon the development of management skills, the distinction amidst the approaches like coaching as well as mentoring that effectively develops management competencies, thereby understanding systematic approaches of recruitment, selection and retaining of staffs, including several other functionalities of organizational management. Personal Development in Leadership: Strengths One of the mentionable strengths that I possess as a leader is self-confidence. This is created by mastering skills as well as situations. Confidence may be improved by being well aware of the things that I have already achieved. Another personal strength is possessing positive outlook as well as attitude. This is related to potential leadership. Positivity is essential to maintain a sense of balance in life and manage problem situations capably. The positive individuals are ones who approach all situations quite realistically and make required changes to mitigate any issue. As a leader I possess the strength of emotional intelligence. This enables an individual to act as per the situation and also practice empathic listening (Facilitating knowledge management strategies through IT and HRM, 2010). Weaknesses With personal reflection it has been clear to me that I need to make more efforts in encouraging employees and members to participate in important decision-making processes. This would not only provide me with better exposure to leadership qualities but also allow me to work diligently to achieve organizational objectives. Again I need to pursue strong and cordial relationship with my team members. This would make many tough situations easy to handle. References Holsbrink-Engels, G. (2000). Designing role-plays for interpersonal skills training.Performance Improvement, 39(9), pp.32-39. HRM: Launchpad to top management?. (2003).Business Horizons, 46(5), pp.1-2. Italy's ageing workforce: Improving HRM practices can prevent skills shortages. (2012).Development and Learning in Organizations, 26(3), pp.22-24. Johnson, C. (2009). Introducing Followership into the Leadership Classroom.Journal of Leadership Education, 8(2), pp.20-31. Lievens, F. (2013). Adjusting medical school admission: assessing interpersonal skills using situational judgement tests.Medical Education, 47(2), pp.182-189. Olaniyi, I. (2012). Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition: An Analysis of Informal Institutional Factors.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2(6), pp.24-26. Sels, L., De Winne, S., Delmotte, J., Maes, J., Faems, D. and Forrier, A. (2006). Linking HRM and Small Business Performance: An Examination of the Impact of HRM Intensity on the Productivity and Financial Performance of Small Businesses.Small Bus Econ, 26(1), pp.83-101. Sengupta, D. and Sengupta, D. (2011). Organizational Innovation: Imperative for Business Sustainability.IJAR, 3(12), pp.307-309. Shapira-Lishchinsky, O. (2014). Simulation-based constructivist approach for education leaders.Educational Management Administration Leadership. Tsai, P. and Yen, Y. (2013). Development of institutional downsizing theory: evidence from the MNC downsizing strategy and HRM practices in Taiwan.Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 26(3-4), pp.248-262. Turcksin, L., Bernardini, A. and Macharis, C. (2011). A combined AHP-PROMETHEE approach for selecting the most appropriate policy scenario to stimulate a clean vehicle fleet.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, pp.954-965. Weldon, E. and Chow, M. (2005). A question of leadership: Are Western leadership development approaches appropriate in China, or might a Chinese approach be more effective?.Leadership in Action, 25(5), pp.12-13.

How does Zeffirelli portray the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia Essay Example

How does Zeffirelli portray the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? Paper Franco Zeffirellis 1990 production of Hamlet has Glenn Close and Helena Bonham Carter cast as Queen Gertrude and Ophelia respectively. He has the luxury over a stage production of being able to add scenery, mood and vibrant close up of character to his film. These added advantages allow us to examine the players in a closer, more intimate way and so we can look at the figures of Queen Gertrude and Ophelia with different perspective. Right from the start the audience most definitely depicts Gertrude as the queen and the primary female of the cast, however there is no malice or grim intention portrayed. We open the film feeling sorry for her at her husbands funeral yet the speed of her re-marriage makes us question her morality and quality. The audience is made to question her character by her physical nature both with Claudius and Hamlet, particularly with Hamlet. Their relationship is portrayed as intensely Freudian, from the very beginning with Gertrude constantly touching Hamlet. Zeffirelli dresses Gertrude in a gown with a simple pale design yet trimmed with gold and subtle jewellery and her hair is worn like a regal crown, always perfect and obviously made by attendants. Herein we see her position but unlike other plays her queenly status is not overbearing. Zeffirelli quite obviously dressing Gertrude in red, a colour of passion; giving further indication of her warm, sexual and vibrant nature as well as an insight into her mentality. Gertrude is almost a victim of her own appetite and she is not very logical and this is strongly portrayed throughout the film. This is particularly prominent when Gertrude agrees to using Ophelia as bate to steak out Hamlet and tolerates Ophelia being humiliated; one could argue this is Gertrudes fatal flaw, her passivity. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Zeffirelli portray the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Zeffirelli portray the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Zeffirelli portray the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both her passivity and her innocence are illustrated when the players perform Claudiuss poisoning of Hamlet senior and Gertrude does not see the parallel between the play and her own situation. This is once again reinforced in the closet scene, bloody deed? Almost as bad, good mother, as kill a king and marry with his brother, this signals not only her own innocence of the deed but indicates her feeble and defenceless character to the audience. We see Gertrudes true vulnerability and openness when Hamlet kills Polonius and confesses all to the Queen, in reference to Claudiuss treachery. Her face is open and shocked and her look is of complete surprise telling us of her innocence in the Kings death. Also, in this scene we see her true love for her son. Zeffirelli has chosen to portray this scene between Hamlet and Gertrude as passionate and intimate, giving the scene Freudian overtones. Zeffirelli readily embraces the Freudian concept of the Oedipus complex. When Hamlet confronts Gertrude, a passionate kiss is followed by what appears to be simulated sex, Zeffirelli portraying Gertrude as intensely sexual and once again a victim of her own appetite. By the end of the scene, a new intimacy is established between Gertrude and Hamlet, which carries them into the final stages of the tragedy. From here on, Gertrude dresses and behaves more like a nun throughout the film and is very obedient to Hamlet; establishing a new dimension to her relationship with Hamlet. She is more nervous and considerably less sexual and looks almost mad and at times unhinged. Once again we are compelled to feel remorse for her as she says goodbye to Hamlet as he departs for England. Glenn Close, like Helena Bonham-Carter, has been very well cast in her role. Zeffirelli has her hold Queen Gertrude with regality throughout; this is highlighted when she hears of Ophelias death and the look of an almost motherly loss at Ophelias graveside. Her entrance at the duel is most regal, trumpets play and her ladies in waiting carry a long train. Her look is of pure love and hope for her son Hamlet. However, seated on her throne in colours of grey and pale blue she almost seems like a statue against the grey stone backdrop. The duelling scene is not meant to be rich and colourful yet cast in shades of dowdiness. However, Hamlets jesting brings laughter to the Queens face yet it is in this moment when Gertrude is at her happiest that tragedy is close on hand. Zeffirellis use of close up on Gertrudes distress as the King looks knowingly on is terrible. A mistake of drinking the poison is not lost on Gertrude and we are given the look that says she realises what has happened and in that instant she realises all that Hamlet has said about Claudius is true. Gertrude has been psychologically and morally poisoned as well as physically poisoned. Zeffirelli highlights the hopelessness of this moment more by allowing the duel to continue and so Hamlets loss gathers pace while he knows nothing of it. Ophelia on the other hand, is passive almost to the point of non-existence as an independent consciousness and is to some extent, amore extreme version of Gertrude. The only time she speaks to the King and Queen is when she is mad. This makes it very difficult for Zeffrelli to inject any suggestion of irony or defiance into the few words Ophelia exchanges with her Laertes, Polonius or Hamlet. However, Helena Bonham-Carter exploits this passivity to provoke responses from other characters and the audience. Ophelias beauty is portrayed with no frills or fancy accoutrements. She is dressed very plainly in a simple virginal white pinafore. Her lack of jewellery and ornate trappings show a truth and honesty. She appears a helpless, almost childlike, pawn for her forceful father; she is the victim of her foolish father. She is seen as a possession by her father, I have a daughter- have while she is mine- who in her duty and obedience, Zeffrelli mark and is treated as simply that. She is pushed and pulled about by Polonius and Laertes, it is her obedience to the men in her life that is her fatal flaw. Ophelia is used as bate by Gertrude, Claudius and most importantly her father. She is used to trap Hamlet and in return is mocked and forced to pretend she has no voice. Zeffrellis primary intention for Ophelia is to suffer and die. The scene as the play within the plays beginning highlights the physical differences between Ophelia and Gertrude. The green is lavishly decorated whilst Ophelia, with Hamlets head in her lap, looks as plain, yet retains her simple beauty. Zeffrelli has chosen well in casting Helena Bonham Carter as Ophelia as her large brown eyes tell more then she says. After the Kings play when Hamlet wishes her to a nunnery, Get thee to a nunnery, her nervous eyes tell of her shock and confusion. Ophelia is trying to make sense of it all, but finds it very difficult because Hamlet is acting towards his mother as well; Ophelia cannot keep up with all the changes. Ophelia is used again; she is taunted and mocked as happened so often. Zeffrelli portrays her as on the edge, conventional womanhood. After her fathers death, Ophelia seems to descend into madness. Her dress and appearance are dishevelled and unkempt yet tragically she is still beautiful. We feel sorry for Ophelia and her loneliness, divided from herself and her fair judgement. Ophelias grief is infectious and with Zeffrellis use of dour music her mood is shared by us the viewer. Her loss of sanity makes her seem like a helpless child and we fear her impending suicide before we know of it. During the time before her death Ophelia reveals thought, which would have been most definitely introspective, if she were not going mad. Once she is mad she becomes free and reveals what she really thinks and feels. She behaves in an intensely sexual way towards the sentry reveals thought and feelings that would have be suppressed by her father and brother. Ophelia achieves ultimate passivity and paradoxically a new kind of power, first in her distraction, then in the brook and finally in her coffin. Her incapacity which has been a theme modulates into madness presented as plaintive songs and pretty nonsense. This, together with Gertrudes stylised presentation of her death, offers decoration in place of any attempt at psychological elaboration. Her madness is less real than Hamlets confused states of mind because it is so tidy, unproblematic and unthreatening. Zeffrelli does well not to dwell on the act of her suicide as a film production might but leaves the sad tragedy of it to our imagination, which only heightens our sense of loss for Ophelia. Ophelia is presented by Zeffrelli as someone with no point of view I do not know my lord what I should think, there is not even a gesture of struggle. Zeffrelli chooses not to develop her character to any great extent and allows the audience to develop their own understanding. To conclude, our final image of both women is when they are lying dead. We are made to feel great sorrow and pity for them both. Zeffirelli has Ophelia laying with dignity at her graveside in white linen and flowers on an overcast, breezy day whilst Gertrude is left prone and splayed on the cold concrete steps within the castle. His portrayal of both characters leaves us feeling great sadness for them in equal measure whilst never once feeling any malice towards them.

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars The Battle of Marathon was fought during the Persian Wars (498 BC–448 BC) between Greece and the Persian Empire. Date Using a proleptic Julian calendar, it is believed that the Battle of Marathon was fought on either August or September 12, 490 BC. Armies Commanders Greeks MilitiadesCallimachusArimnestusapprox. 8,000-10,000 men Persians DatisArtaphernes20,000-60,000 men Background In the wake of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC-494 BC), the emperor of the Persian Empire, Darius I, dispatched an army to Greece to punish those city-states that had aided the rebels. Led by Mardonius, this force succeeded in subjugating Thrace and Macedonia in 492 BC. Moving south towards Greece, Mardonius fleet was wrecked off Cape Athos during a massive storm. Losing 300 ships and 20,000 men in the disaster, Mardonius elected to withdraw back towards Asia. Displeased with Mardonius failure, Darius began planning a second expedition for 490 BC after learning of political instability in Athens. Conceived as a purely maritime enterprise, Darius assigned command of the expedition to the Median admiral Datis and the son of the satrap of Sardis, Artaphernes. Sailing with orders to attack Eretria and Athens, the fleet succeeded in sacking and burning their first objective. Moving south, the Persians landed near Marathon, approximately 25 miles north of Athens. Responding to the impending crisis, Athens raised around 9,000 hoplites and dispatched them to Marathon where they blocked the exits from the nearby plain and prevented the enemy from moving inland. They were joined by 1,000 Plataeans and assistance was requested from Sparta. Encamping on the edge of the Plain of Marathon, the Greeks faced a Persian force numbering between 20-60,000. Enveloping the Enemy For five days the armies squared off with little movement. For the Greeks, this inactivity was largely due to a fear of being attacked by the Persian cavalry as they crossed the plain. Finally, the Greek commander, Miltiades, elected to attack after receiving favorable omens. Some sources also indicate that Militiades had learned from Persian deserters that the cavalry was away from the field. Forming his men, Militiades reinforced his wings by weakening his center. This saw the center reduced to ranks four deep while the wings featured men eight deep. This may have been due to the Persians tendency to place inferior troops on their flanks. Moving a brisk pace, possibly a run, the Greeks advanced across the plain towards the Persian camp. Surprised by the Greeks audacity, the Persians rushed to form their lines and inflict damage on the enemy with their archers and slingers. As the armies clashed, the thinner Greek center was quickly pushed back. The historian Herodotus reports that their retreat was disciplined and organized. Pursuing the Greek center, the Persians quickly found themselves flanked on both sides by Militiades strengthened wings which had routed their opposite numbers. Having caught the enemy in a double envelopment, the Greeks began to inflict heavy casualties on the lightly armored Persians. As panic spread in the Persian ranks, their lines began to break and they fled back to their ships. Pursuing the enemy, the Greeks were slowed by their heavy armor, but still managed to capture seven Persian ships. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Marathon are generally listed as 203 Greek dead and 6,400 for the Persians. As with most battles from this period, these numbers are suspect. Defeated, the Persians departed from the area and sailed south to attack Athens directly.   Anticipating this, Militiades quickly returned the bulk of the army to the city. Seeing that the opportunity to strike the previously lightly-defended city had passed, the Persians withdrew back to Asia. The Battle of Marathon was the first major victory for the Greeks over the Persians and gave them confidence that they could be defeated. Ten years later the Persians returned and won a victory at Thermopylae before being defeated by the Greeks at Salamis. The Battle of Marathon also gave rise to the legend that the Athenian herald Pheidippides ran from the battlefield to Athens to announce the Greek victory before dropping dead. This legendary run is the basis for the modern track and field event. Herodotus contradicts this legend and states that Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid before the battle. Selected Sources Battle of MarathonPersian Wars: Battle of Marathon

Strategies and International Business in IKEA Comapany Essay

Strategies and International Business in IKEA Comapany - Essay Example To begin with, the company lowered the prices of its goods and services in the home country and in the global market (Coe, 2009). This factor made it attract more customers from the competitors. Consumers are sensitive to prices and any slight difference would make them shift and enjoy the relatively lower prices. Because of the higher priced competitors’ products, IKEA managed to record increase in their customer base. Secondly, IKEA engaged in continuous designing of their products to improve their quality and preference. They also engaged in continuous introduction of new innovative products. Moreover, the company used the trademark to protect its goods from being counterfeited by the competitors. Trademark would also make IKEA products be distinct from those of the competitor's top help avoid confusion and to help in developing a brand (IKEA, 2010). In addition, IKEA opened their retail stores in the countries in which it operated to increase the availability of its products and to ensure customers get the direct attention from their agents (IKEA, n.d.). The opening of stores abroad would also ensure that the different customers’ demands are integrated into the production of the company’s goods. IKEA strength is gained from the variety of products it offers and the low prices it offers for their products. Through this, it reduced the costs through lowering storage space and reduced labor cost. The opening of the retails in Germany, Switzerland and US further made IKEA enjoy the wide market coverage and smooth its sales in case the product performance is not good in some of the geographical coverage. However, IKEA suffers from the problem of controlling quality in the global market without hiking the prices of their products (Coe, 2009). To sell their products at low prices mean that IKEA has to sacrifice the profit margin. The environmental regulation further poses a threat to the company since the materials used in manufacturing their furniture requires destruction of trees hence a potential threat. Several reasons prompted IKEA chose Switzerland as the first country to internationalize.  

It has been said that modern developments such as ABC are sometimes Essay - 1

It has been said that modern developments such as ABC are sometimes implemented because they are fashionable and not because they provide extra information to management. (Discuss the above statement) - Essay Example Job costing is another modern development, where the management gets information concerning the costs for each job order, their specifications and scope. Contract costing is yet another development that provides the management with information concerning heavy expenditure which takes a long period of time (Brimson, J. A. 1991). Historically, most of the companies placed their focus on the creation of value rather than investing in assets and organization. The dramatic development of companies led to the realization of the need to have practical accounting systems. The development of the ABC system has led to a positive change in productivity by espousing the identification of inefficient products, the allocation of more profits on resources, and cost reduction (Gosselin, M. 2005). However, most firms are experiencing problems ascribed to the implementation of ABC and in extreme cases; the implementation of the system fails to work out. For instance, in highly developed countries, some of the companies fail to grow and became stagnant owing to the use of ABC. Most companies that carry out a cost-benefit analysis on the use of ABC discontinue the implementation of the system since it is costly. The management should get constant updates on a company’s cost performance (Grieco, P. L., & Pilachowski, M. 1995). In using ABC system, some of the overhead costs are difficult to separate and the allocation of the cost on a product unit poses difficulties. An example of such an overhead cost is the Chief Executive Officer’s salary; this does not provide the management with appropriate reports on costs (Hansen, D. R., & Mowen, M. M. 2000). The ABC method allocates business costs to its products on a proportionate basis or based on assumptions. This translates into the generation of inaccurate reports on costs by the management. Affording the management accurate information

Effects of Hypnosis on Pain Reduction

Effects of Hypnosis on Pain Reduction Psychology is defined â€Å"as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes† (Coon Mitterer, 2012, p.14). One of the widely circulated common sense beliefs is that hypnosis is a technique that is useful in reducing a person’s perception of pain. Hypnosis is â€Å"an altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility† (Coon Mitterer, 2012, p. 221). The history of hypnosis originated from the 1700s when an Austrian doctor Franz Mesmer tried to use magnets to cure illnesses and this technique is called animal magnetism (Oon, 2008). Animal magnetism is similar to hypnosis as both depend on providing suggestions (Waterfield, 2002). It was then by English surgeon James Braid which the term hypnosis comes to light where he associated hypnosis with sleep (Coon Mitterer, 2012). Nevertheless, in today’s context, people do know that hypnosis is not about sleeping. One of the important aspects of hypnosis is ba sic suggestion effect (Coon Mitterer, 2012). Basic suggestion effect happens when one do things out of others’ suggestions rather than its own will (Coon Mitterer, 2012). Hypnosis uses basic suggestion effect to assuage the pain experienced by one. As such, it is indubitable that hypnosis can be used as an effective mean to relieve pain. Hypnosis can be a mean to relieve the pain experienced during medical procedure. A research study shows that hypnosis can effectively assuage the pain one has to go through during medical treatment. Butler, L.D., Symons, B. K., Henderson, S. L., Shortliffe, L. D., and Spiegel, D. (2005) carried out an experiment with children that have to undergo voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). This experiment consisted of two groups, the control group of 23 children and the experimental group of 21 children (Butler et al., 2005). The former being children that had undergone routine care which were the outline and the demonstration of the entire process and the latter being children that undergone hypnosis in which they would have to practice hypnotising themselves numerous times a day before the next VCUG session (Butler et al., 2005). Children in the experimental group were also told to imagine themselves in their preferred places which were then associated with the VCUG treatment (Butler et al., 2005). Children from both groups must have attended at least one VCUG session before (Butler et al., 2005). The results obtained were from the level of pain felt by the children during the process, parents’ evaluation of their child’s degree of fearfulness as compared to the previous session, the research assistant’s (RA) interpretation of the children’s level of distress during the procedure and the smoothness and time taken for the procedure assessed by the radiologist and radiology technician (Butler et al., 2005). The results of the experiment showed that the pain experienced by both groups of children was similar (Butler et al., 2005). However, parents from the experiment group generally find the procedure less daunting for their child after the hypnotism session as compared to the control group (Butler et al., 2005). Similarly, the RA and the medical staffs conceded that the children in the experimental group experienced less pain and the procedure was smoother than those from the control group respectively (Butler et al., 2005). The time taken for the children in the experimental group to complete the procedure was also about 14 minutes shorter than the children in the control group (Butler et al., 2005). This experiment goes to show that hypnosis can be an effective mean to relieve the pain one perceive during medical treatment. Pain can be alleviated by hypnosis (Keefe, Abernethy, Campbell, 2005). Experiment has shown that hypnosis is effectual in relieving the pain experienced by one during post-care treatment. In one experiment, hypnosis was used to find out if pain suffered during burn wound treatment can be assuaged (Askay, Patterson, Jensen, Sharar, 2007). This experiment consisted of the control group and experimental group (Askay et al., 2007). The experimental group consisted of 27 patients and underwent hypnosis by a trained psychologist whereas the control group consisted of 19 patients but did not receive hypnosis and were only briefed on the procedure (Askay et al., 2007). The control group were also given a recording to listen to aid them in the wound changing process (Askay et al., 2007). The results were obtained from questionnaire done after the treatment (Askay et al., 2007). The results from the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) showed that the patients from the experimental group exper ienced lesser pain from previous treatment than those of the control group (Askay et al., 2007). However, other evaluations did not show a significant differences in the results (Askay et al., 2007). Askay et al. (2007) concluded that SF-MPQ focused on several elements of pain rather than only on one (Askay et al., 2007). As a matter of fact, hypnosis can be a way to relieve pain. Pain experienced after surgery can also be alleviated by hypnosis. Research has shown that the pain experienced by one after surgery can be reduced by hypnosis. Oakley, D.A., Whitman, L.G., and Halligan, P.W. (2002) showed that hypnosis can relieve the pain experienced after amputation from the phantom limb. Phantom limb is the illusion of having intact limbs even after the amputation and some might even experience pain from the amputated limb and this pain perceived by one is known as Phantom limb pain, PLP (Ramachandran Hirstein, 1998). A 76 year old woman, Mrs D, had an amputation from the right leg to the knee but only felt the PLP after two years and has tried different means to lessen the pain thereafter but all to no avail (Oakley et al., 2002). After she undergone imaginative hypnotism, the pain at her ankle had entirely disappeared (Oakley et al., 2002). The hypnosis sessions she undergone related the pain to her imagination in which she saw a sculpture which was shaped by hitting with hammer (Oakley et al., 2002). She was then asked to relate the hammering to her own ankle and the pain had eventually evanished as she imagined sending the weary man away which was all along, hammering her ankle, causing all the pain (Oakley et al., 2002). Mrs D then experienced pain from her toes but this time round, hypnosis was not of a big help to relieve the pain felt at her toes (Oakley et al., 2002). Despite that, the pain that has subsided did not recurred even after three months (Oakley et al., 2002). In addition, Oakley et al. (2002) have also used the imaginary hypnotism approach on 5 other individuals and they were also reported to have felt significant decrease in the level of pain or even no pain experienced after hypnosis sessions (Oakley et al, 2002). Therefore, this experiment justify that hypnosis effectively reduces post-surgical pain. To conclude, hypnosis is capable of reducing the pain one experienced, regardless during or after surgery. As such, the field of hypnosis can be further explored to aid medical treatments to obtain surpassing medical results than before. Albeit hypnosis is proven to alleviate pain, psychology cannot be concluded as common sense as it requires to be supported by scientific research. References Askay, S. W., Patterson, D. R., Jensen, M. P., Sharar, S. R. (2007, August). A randomized  controlled trial of hypnosis for burn wound care. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52(3), 247-253. Butler, L.D., Symons, B. K., Henderson, S. L., Shortliffe, L. D., Spiegel, D. (2005, January).  Hypnosis reduces distress and duration of an invasive medical procedure for children. Pediatrics, 115(1), e77-e85. Retrieved May 31, 2014, from EBSCOHost. Coon, D. Mitterer, J. O. (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Active learning through modules  (12th ed.). China: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Coon, D. Mitterer, J. O. (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Active learning through modules  (12th ed.). China: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.   Coon, D. Mitterer, J. O. (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Active learning through modules  (12th ed.). China: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Keefe, F. J., Abernethy, A. P., Campbell, L. C. (2005). Psychological approaches tounderstanding and treating disease-related pain. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 601-630. Oakley, D.A., Whitman, L.G., Halligan, P.W. (2002, June). Hypnotic imagery as a treatment  for phantom limb pain: two case reports and a review. Clinical Rehabilitation, 16, 368-377. Oon, Z. H. (2008). A critical presentation of the life and work of Franz Anton Mesmer MD and its  influence on the development of hypnosis. European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 8(1), 32-40. Ramachandran, V. S., Hirstein, W. (1998). The perception of phantom limbs: The D. O. Hebb  lecture. Brain, 121, 1603-1630. Waterfield, R. (2002). Hidden depths: The story of hypnosis. London: Macmillan   Name: Lim Su WenClass: T04Student ID: S10156753

Evaluation of Social Identity Theory Essay

Social categorization is the filing of the certain type of people, which is usually expressed to individuals that are the similar to you as ‘us’ or to individuals who you see are different from what you think of yourself as ‘them’. When you observe at other people, you see the differences of how other people look and behave compared to how you usually behave and act during your daily life. Furthermore, you will categorize them as being ‘them’ as a word to describe either the significant or insignificant differences between people that are similar to you and people who are not similar to how you look or behave. For e.g. some people often think that they are ‘cool’ based on their own opinion, but when someone else is different they might be considered as being ‘uncool’. Social identity looks mainly at the individual characteristics that determine who you actually are. It is solely based on what you do that defines you socially or in public, which makes people believe that this is your identity. Social Identity is not personal identity as there is no correspondence. Personal identity basically looks at what you do personally compared to social identity, which is solely about the individual characteristics that you represent in the eye of the public. You can be socially identified to be e.g. ‘a nerd’, because of your individual characteristics that seem to define you in resemblance to a nerd, for example, being knowledgeable or smart in terms of IQ or the way you dress or look. Or that someone is gay or a lesbian, because they act unusually strange resembling of how the opposite gender usually acts. Additionally, the way they dress that is unusual in the public’s eye, so they will be easily identified as being gay or a lesbian, e.g. a man wearing tight-fit shorty shorts and long boots with a handbag or a woman with short hair  wearing a hoodie with baggie trousers and casual Nike shoes. Social comparison is the comparison between individuals due to the differences from the determination of the characteristics of one person. Our conscience is socially aware to help us be able to understand these differences so that we are able to distinguish people that are alike and people that are different. Furthermore, we tend to help people due to their individual characteristics that are similar to ours and instead we are hesitant or not willing to help someone else that are considered to be different from ‘us’. In Tajfel’s theory, it is an experiment conducted with students that are sorted into small groups. Each group produced an artwork and they were then told to rate the painting work of other groups, including their own. At the end result, one group that is pre-dominantly male-based has given their own artwork very high ratings, while the ratings of others were low. This shows the differences between self-admiration and egotistical thinking, as they are putting themselves in best priority. Positive Distinctiveness are †¦. That is recognized as being special and different to what is already common†¦

Evaluate the idea that class conflict is on the decline in contemporary France, paying particular attention to the strikes of winter 1995

Evaluate the idea that class conflict is on the decline in contemporary France, paying particular attention to the strikes of winter 1995. Abstract: Evaluate the idea that class conflict is on the decline in contemporary France, paying particular attention to the strikes of winter 1995. A critical evaluation into the decline of class conflict in contemporary France requires an in-depth analysis into the various political and economic subject areas which surround the issue of class struggle. The main objective of this paper is to discuss declination of class conflict in France and to discuss the significance of the 1995 winter strikes. A conclusion is to be reached after a thorough but concise assessment of this movement and its effects on French class struggles. In order to evaluate this issue there must be a thorough understanding of French political culture in the years post World War II, together with a comprehensive understanding of the specific events and movements that led to an alleged decline. The implication of European integration and French economy must also be understood, as well as the relation of this movement to the values of the left in France compared to that of the right. To initiate this evaluation, one of the factors that must be taken into consideration is France's volatile political culture. One could describe French culture as volatile, because of the numerous changes the French political system has undertaken over the last century. Some may suggest that they are still suffering from teething problems of a relatively new republic and the episodes of 1995 and the elections of 2002 still prove that the French are a nation who are susceptible to political issues they feel may blur their traditional way of living. One of the arguments brought forward is that the strikes of 1995 were ‘fundamentally sectional stemming from national fragmentation and French nationalism than any vision of a different future.'1. This is to be discussed in this paper, along with the factors of, economic change in France due to the conditions of the Maastricht treaty; trade unionism and socialism vs. liberalism in relation to the strikes. Firstly, when mentioned the consensual perception of class conflict tends to be based on the proletariat vs. the bourgeoisie. An old argument that has filtered through to contemporary politics via social and hierarchical structures that were originally discussed by Karl Marx. The question in hand asks one to look at a possible decline of class conflict in France. However some would argue that it still remains in France, just not as explicitly as before. Nonetheless the aim here is exploit literature and modern thought to suggest that it has. A classic definition of class conflict can be found in the ‘Communist manifesto' Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.2 For Marx and Engels, class conflict or class warfare as it is described by Marxists, surrounded the notion of two main classes. This can be seen in the fragment ‘oppressor and oppressed' and the coupling of the descriptive terms, the bourgeoisie were the ruling class and the proletariat were seen as the submissive class with little or no control over production. In the case of the France in 1995, these two classes can be identified as Jacques Chirac and his government taking on the role as the bourgeoisie and the numerous activist workers taking on the role as the proletariat. Here it can be discussed that the view of a socio-political imbalance between those with excessive wealth and those with little wealth is a common thought amongst Marxist's, but arguably a concept that is declining in contemporary French politics. However, looking back on French politics in the last 50 years, is there sufficient evidence to support this notion? The role of political culture is imperative in this discussion and often gives reason to the actions of the masses under a system of rule by the elites. The political culture of France has an almost unforgiving tradition of being conflictual alongside a highly activist nature, using previous strikes in 1935 and 1968 as examples. The division in political ideologies into the left and right, arguably goes back to the French Revolution and continues to remain an important characteristic in the contemporary arena. Consensus often has been reached by uniting behind a strong, charismatic leader, de Gaulle is the prime example here, only to be lost when the leader dies or goes into disfavour. Cycles of consensus followed by alienation seem to be typical of the French political culture.3 While there is admiration for the French nation, language and culture, there are also continuing disagreements caused by these traditions. Division over the meaning of these universal symbols leads to political, ideological and partisan fragmentation. The French seem to combine a distrust of politicians and the political system with a devotion to political s truggle.4 It becomes apparent that the issue of class struggle was once again thrown into the centre of the French political agenda, because of the essential ‘reform' that France needed in order to progress as an intergratable nation state, in relation to the EU. The ‘sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cu' otherwise known as the social security plan devised by then French Premier Alain Juppà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ , was received by the public sector workers, with resentment and anger, with the consensual feeling amongst academics and French citizens that EU criteria for satisfactory budget deficit, was the driving force behind the 1995 strikes. This plan coupled with the tradition and characteristics of French political culture have been blamed for the uprising of 1995 and the discontent of the French nationals that was witnessed all over the globe. However just how ‘essential' was this reform by freshly elected Premier Juppà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½? The proposed reforms, were all but too far for the French working class, from the proposals of an increase in work before pension entitlement to the taxation programs suggested, the French working class felt they were being victimised by a bourgeois government, echoing the previous period of revolt in 1968. By introducing such an austere program it put the new right wing government in a bad situation, which would ultimately, lead the way for devastating repercussions. Nonetheless, this set of measures was seen as crucial for reassuring the foreign exchange markets that France would be able to stick to the Maastricht timetable. However, these plans were obviously not essential enough for the 5 million citizens that protested against it. Of course, if an individual or a section of society feels that government plans are not in their best interests and will effectively jeopardise their current position, why shouldn't they protest? However it is this type of attitude that have led some to describe the French nationals as being sectionalist and backward looking. By using this sectionalist argument in favour of declination, Tony Adreani comments that we are witnessing the disappearance of major social conflicts, the decline of revolutionary ideologies, the replacement of class struggles with single issue and sectoral movements and a general pacification of society'6. However this comment was made two years before the 1995 uprising which in turn, proves Adreani theory as unfounded in this case. Expanding on this further, it could be suggested that France needed such harsh reform in order to move forward with European integration. The Juppà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ plan threatened to sacrifice short term discontent for long term prosperity, unfortunately using proposed tactics that were unfavourable to those from the lower classes. Thus, igniting the issues of class struggle once again. By introducing such a plan a perception was drawn that the elites are too far removed from the lives of the ordinary French citizen. At this point of the discussion it can be suggested that one may find difficulty in arguing that class decline is present, but class consciousness in fact, is increasing as France becomes more fragmented. On the other hand, it could be suggested that class decline was present because of the handling of the situation by the lower class. With one of the original definitions of the proletariat being unable to control the means of production and in order to survive they must sell their labour to capitalists. It becomes apparent from these strikes that the workers who protested, have realised their rights to be treated equally and their activism was a direct attack on the government and its ideals. Rather than the working class, settling for reform, they protested to protect their privileges. To strengthen this argument, the participation in each mobilisation and the support that it received from intellectuals increased the feeling of a unified state. These factors give foundation for the argument, in the sense that the lower classes would not let the ruling class exploit their powers over them anymore. Although the strike did not involve the private sector, there was enough disruption to immobilise the French economy and force the governments to negotiate with the workers, through the trade unions. Which leads to the next point of evaluation, the role of the trade unions. The unions play a role of incredible complexity in the movement of 1995. The values of the Left in France, embrace trade unionism and working classes and in a majority of democratic states, the role of mediator between governments and workers should theoretically provide a democratic and logical way of fusing the ideologies and interests between organised workers and the employing classes and attempt to blur the struggles between them. Trade unionism participation in France is a reflection of the political culture, volatile and susceptible to change. In fact coexistence of more than one union within the same occupation is a fundamental feature of French trade unionism. Which may explain the low level of trade union membership, due to the overwhelming amount of choice. However, although the Juppà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ plan involved the reorganisation of a large part of the public sector, the unions were not consulted. The undermining behaviour of Juppà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ towards the unions, only fuelled the tension between the governments and the unions, which proved to be a catalyst for the resurrection of class struggle. This move by Juppe, saw the unions questioning their role as partners to the government. The influences of the masses are epitomised by the 1995 French strikes. Illustrated by the way the government tried in vain to stop these strikes, the CGT and the FO would not back down until they were absolutely sure of withdrawal of the welfare reform plan. However, not all unions were united on the movement, as Chris Harman argues, ‘ union bureaucracies always try to end mass strike movements when they go beyond a certain point†¦ Political issues are raised and that requires the sort of political response that the trade union bureaucracy is incapable of making'7 From this, it can be argued that the barriers of political negotiation can be described as a restrictive mechanism for the working class against the elites. In direct relation to class, trade unions can be described as the basic organisation of the lower class which are â€Å"not only a natural, but also an essential phenomenon under capitalism and†¦ an extremely important means for organising the working class in its daily struggle against capital and for the abolition of wage-labour†. But once established, the trade unions cannot confine their sphere of activity to economic demands, but inevitably tend to move into the political plane8. This has been proved by the negotiations which took place after the government backed down. However the governments tend to have the upper hand when political negotiation is involved. Here, what is involved is not the occasional struggles of individual groups of workers against their employers, but the struggle of the proletariat as a whole against the bourgeoisie as a class, and its state. In conclusion, the winter strikes of 1995 had a profound effect on the consciousness of the working class in France. The social upheaval that lasted for five weeks involving hundreds of thousands of workers was undoubtedly the highest expression of the class struggle in France since the revolutionary crisis of 1968. The ruling class only narrowly avoided an extension of the strike to the private sector, in which case the movement could have rapidly assumed a pre-revolutionary character. Indeed, it was the growing threat of such a development, in spite of the treacherous role of the trade union leaders, which eventually forced the Juppà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ government into an embarrassing retreat.9 The radicalisation of the working class as a whole was an awakening of a formerly immobile section of society and the shift of middle class and rural opinion to the left all indicate that French society is hurtling towards a new confrontation between the classes. Which finally leads to a conclusive disagreement that class conflict is on the decline. The factors assessed above hold far too much substance to be dismissed and for all classes to come together as a united front. The elites and the working class, will remain apart until there is a common political and ideological consensus, amongst all parties involved.